Russia inaugurated President Vladimir Putin for a fifth term in office. With a more secure hold on power than ever before, the former spy has remodeled Russia, strengthening his position by quelling political adversaries.

Russian President Vladimir Putin was inaugurated for another six-year term in office on Tuesday, following a March landslide victory that outside observers claim was heavily manipulated.

The 71-year-old has suppressed all forms of opposition and dissent since assuming power as either president or prime minister at the turn of the millennium.

Putin took the oath of office in a ceremony at the Kremlin in Moscow, with senior Russian politicians and other guests present.

Addressing a tough period for the Russian nation inside the gilded Saint Andrew's Hall, he acknowledged Russia's pariah status in the West due to its invasion of Ukraine.

"We will navigate through this challenging period with dignity and emerge even stronger," Putin stated during his inauguration ceremony.

"We are a united and great nation, and together we will overcome all obstacles, achieve our goals, and emerge victorious."

Putin expressed Russia's openness to cultivating relations with other countries he described as "the world's majority." Simultaneously, he emphasised the need for the Russian state to demonstrate resilience against any threats and challenges.

Putin has effectively held office for nearly a quarter of a century and is the longest-serving Kremlin leader since Josef Stalin.

Barred by the now-amended constitution from running for a third consecutive term, Putin was appointed prime minister in 2008 by President Dmitry Medvedev, who had previously served as Putin's premier. Termed the "castling" arrangement at the time, it effectively retained Putin as Russia's political leader until his re-election as president in 2012.

If still in power when his new term concludes in 2030, Putin would have surpassed any Russian leader in longevity since Catherine the Great in the eighteenth century. He would still be constitutionally eligible for another six-year term.

During his tenure, Putin has aimed to restore Russian power and influence over neighbouring countries, particularly those that were formerly part of the Soviet Union.

Meanwhile, exiled Russian opposition leader Yulia Navalnaya urged supporters of her late husband Alexei Navalny to continue their opposition to Putin. In a video released on the day of his inauguration, Navalnaya described the Russian leader as "a liar, a thief, and a murderer."