South Africa confirms new outbreaks of highly pathogenic H5N1 bird flu on two poultry farms—the first cases since September 2024—prompting containment efforts and raising concerns for the poultry industry and potential human health risks.

South African authorities have reported new outbreaks of the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza strain on two poultry farms, as confirmed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). These cases are the first to be officially reported in the country since September 2024, marking a re-emergence of the virus after several months of apparent absence. The recent detections were made during routine surveillance activities carried out to monitor the health status of poultry populations across the country.

The H5N1 virus, a subtype of avian influenza, is particularly concerning due to its ability to cause severe disease and high mortality rates in birds. Its reappearance poses a significant challenge to animal health and the agricultural economy, especially in countries like South Africa where poultry farming represents a vital sector. Although the virus primarily affects birds, experts remain cautious about its zoonotic potential—the ability to jump from animals to humans—especially since influenza viruses are known to mutate rapidly.

Health officials have reiterated that human infections with H5N1 remain rare. However, the unpredictable nature of influenza viruses means that close monitoring is essential. To date, no human cases linked to this outbreak have been reported in South Africa. Despite this, the public is being strongly advised to take precautionary measures. These include avoiding direct contact with live, sick, or dead birds, and promptly notifying local veterinary authorities in cases of unexplained poultry deaths or signs of illness within flocks.

The outbreak presents a serious threat to South Africa’s poultry industry, which has experienced repeated disruptions in recent years due to similar outbreaks. Past incidents have led to the culling of millions of birds, resulting in economic losses for farmers, job cuts in related industries, and temporary restrictions on poultry exports. In response to the current situation, the government is implementing a range of containment strategies. These include quarantining affected farms, culling infected birds where necessary, restricting the movement of poultry and poultry products in high-risk areas, and enhancing biosecurity protocols.

Veterinary and health officials are also working closely with international partners to monitor the genetic characteristics of the virus and assess any changes that may signal increased risks to animal or human health. Public awareness campaigns are being rolled out to ensure that farmers, poultry workers, and the general population understand the importance of early detection and prompt reporting.

As the situation develops, both local and international health bodies will continue to assess the potential risks and recommend appropriate measures to prevent further spread. The resurgence of H5N1 serves as a reminder of the ongoing need for vigilance and preparedness in managing animal-borne diseases with the potential to impact public health and national economies.